The northern fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis), fulmar,[ or Arctic fulmar][ is an abundant seabird found primarily in subarctic regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. There has been one confirmed sighting in the Southern Hemisphere, with a single bird seen south of New Zealand.][Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2009) Collins Bird Guide, ed. 2. ] Though similar in appearance to gulls, are in fact members of the family Procellariidae, which includes and .
The northern fulmar and its sister species, the southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides), are the only Extant taxon members of the genus Fulmarus. The fulmars are in turn a member of the order Procellariiformes, and they all share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns; however, nostrils on albatrosses are on the sides of the bill, as opposed to the rest of the order, including fulmars, which have nostrils on top of the upper beak. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. One of these plates makes up the hooked portion of the upper bill, called the maxillary unguis. They produce a stomach oil made up of and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defense against predators from a very early age, and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[ It will mat the plumage of avian predators, and can lead to their death.][ Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage that helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. This gland excretes a high saline solution from their nose.][
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The northern fulmar was first described as Procellaria glacialis by Carl Linnaeus in 1761, based on a specimen from within the Arctic Circle, on Spitsbergen.[ The Mallemuk Mountain in Northeastern Greenland is named after the northern fulmar ().
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Taxonomy
The northern fulmar was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1761 in the second edition of his book Fauna Svecica. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus Procellaria and coined the binomial name Procellaria glacialis.[ A translation of Martens' work was published in 1855 by the Hakluyt Society: ]
Three subspecies are recognised:[
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F. g. glacialis (Carl Linnaeus, 1761) – the nominate subspecies, which breeds in the high arctic regions of the North Atlantic; remains at high latitudes in winter, occasionally south to Great Britain. Mostly dark morph, with grey body.
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F. g. auduboni Bonaparte, 1857 – breeds in the low arctic, Boreal ecosystem and temperate regions of the North Atlantic, south to Newfoundland in the west and Brittany in the east; wintering south to Delaware in the west and Portugal in the east. Tail pale grey.
[ Mostly light morph, with white body. Included in F. g. glacialis by some authors.]
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F. g. rodgersii John Cassin, 1862 – breeds in the North Pacific on the coast of eastern Siberia (south to the Kuril Islands), Alaska, and (in very small numbers) in British Columbia south to Triangle Island;
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Description
The northern fulmar has a wingspan of [ and is in length.][ Body mass can range from .][ This species is grey and white with a pale yellow, thick bill and bluish legs.][ However, there are both a light morph and dark, or "blue", morph; in the Pacific Ocean there is an intermediate morph as well. Only the dark morph has more than dark edges on the underneath but they all have pale inner remiges on the top of the wings. The Pacific morph has a darker tail than the Atlantic morph.][
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Like other petrels, their walking ability is limited, but they are strong fliers, with a stiff wing action quite unlike the gulls. They look bull-necked compared to gulls, and have short stubby bills.[ They are long-lived, with a lifespan of 31 years not uncommon,][ and exceptionally over 50 years, recorded on Eynhallow in Orkney.]+ Population and trends |
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Behaviour
Feeding
Northern fulmars will feed on , fish, squid, plankton, jellyfish, and carrion, as well as refuse.[ When eating fish, they will dive up to 4 metres deep to retrieve their prey.][
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Breeding
The northern fulmar starts breeding at between six and twelve years old.[ The breeding season starts in May;][ however, the female has glands that store sperm to allow weeks to pass between copulation and the laying of the egg.][ During the breeding season adult Fulmars usually remain within 500 km of their breeding colony instead of traveling up to thousands of kilometres while searching for food.][ Recently, they have started nesting on rooftops and buildings.][ Both sexes are involved in the nest-building process.][ A single white Bird egg, ,][ is incubated for a period of 50 to 54 days, by both sexes. The altricial chick is brooded for 2 weeks][ During this period, the parents are nocturnal, and will even be inactive on well-lit nights.][
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Social behaviour
The mating ritual of this fulmar consists of the female resting on a ledge and the male landing with his bill open and his head back. He commences to wave his head side to side and up and down while calling.[
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They make grunting and chuckling sounds while eating and guttural calls during the breeding season.[
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Conservation
The northern fulmar is estimated to have between 15,000,000 and 30,000,000 mature individuals that occupy an occurrence range of and their population is on the rise, hence it is listed with the IUCN as Least Concern.[ The range of these species increased greatly last century due to the availability of fish offal from commercial fleets, but may contract because of less food from this source and climatic change.][ The population increase has been especially notable in the British Isles.][
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Anthropogenic impact
Northern fulmars' stomach contents are a hallmark indicator of marine debris in marine environments because of their high abundance and wide distribution.
Legend
A popular story among the central Inuit, for instance, is that of their race-mother Sedna, who was the daughter of a chief, and was wooed by a fulmar who promised her, if she would marry him, a delightful life in his distant home. So she went away with him. But she had been ruefully deceived, and was cruelly mistreated. A year later her father went to pay her a visit; and discovering her misery he killed her husband and took his repentant daughter home. The other fulmars in the village followed them, mourning and crying for their murdered fellow, and fulmars continue to utter doleful cries to this day.
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